Cement, building lime, building plaster, clay and black binding materials are called binding materials. They are a part of solutions and concrete. Distinguish air (clay, plaster, building lime) and hydraulic (the cement, special binding materials).
Cement. Cement is necessary for preparation of building solutions and manufacturing of concrete designs. Getting cement, pay attention to its mark. Depending on durability cement is divided on following marks: 300, 400, 500, 550, 600. For building we recommend to you to use cement of last three marks, because it, unlike the others, possesses higher durability and speed of hardening. If you don’t know the mark of cement you have, you can define its quality as follows: compress cement in a fist if it flows out at once between fingers — cement qualitative, if in a fist there were small slices in size about a pea — cement has the lowered durability.
Building lime is required for preparation of solutions. For whitewashing use air, and for a laying of concrete and daubing use hydraulic lime.
It is necessary to apply to work only slaked lime, because unslaked lime at contact with water strongly heats up and can become a cause of the fire. Lime is the same as also other building materials, should be high quality. Make the following experiment: on a solution of structure 1: 3 (one part of lime on three parts of a clean sand) combine a column from eight red corpulent bricks, in four days a column cautiously lift steeply for the top brick. If it does not collapse (will not break), can be assured that lime is of high quality and is suitable for daubing and a laying of walls.
Building plaster stone (alabaster) — a light powder, which receive from plaster raw materials by burning and a grinding. Added in a limy solution, plaster stone accelerates it stiffening and increases durability. The products made of plaster stone, have small density, possess incombustibility and a number of other valuable properties, but are afraid of high humidity, because their durability in this case decreases.
Clay is applied to preparation of clay solutions, irreplaceable at manufacturing of a brick, a waterproofing, daubing. Clay happens various colors thanks to the maintenance in it of some minerals. For building works it is required to you getting thin, average and fat clay. In lean clay it is not necessary to add sand, it is better to use it in the pure state.
Tar of dark brown or black color and various kinds of bitumen concerns black binding materials. They are added in building solutions for waterproofing works. These substances possess such valuable properties, as water resistance, elasticity and firmness to the atmospheric phenomena. Black binding materials by means of heating can be softened, and at cooling become more viscous and firm.
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